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green cross project: A model for providing emergency mental-health aid after September 11, The

Phi Kappa Phi Forum, Spring 2002 by Figley, Charles R, Figley, Kathleen Regan

The September 11 attack on the United States awakened in all Americans the reality of modern life and our vulnerability to danger and trauma. The purpose of this article is to describe the efforts of the Green Cross Projects (GCP) in responding to the attack by helping those immediately affected in New York City. The GCP was established in 1995 in response to the Oklahoma City bombing to provide disaster mental-health training, education, and services to those in need. The GCP emerged over the ensuing years as a membership-based, humanitarian-assistance program providing traumatology services to individuals, groups, and communities recovering from disasters and other traumatic events (Figley, 1997).

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Within hours of the attack, the GCP was mobilized to provide mental-health services to survivors in New York City's lower Manhattan. For the next month, GCP volunteers worked with several thousand people to help them overcome their immediate disorientation and help prevent the expected posttraumatic stress reactions that might develop into potentially disabling mental disorders. This article tells the story of the efforts of the GCP and provides a primer for others who have helped or wish to help those victimized by terrorism.

The mission of the GCP is to provide immediate trauma intervention to any area of our world when a crisis occurs. Most often GCP members provide humanitarian service in their local communities through either an individual effort or a mobilization. However, GCP is unique in its ability to activate large numbers of trained traumatologists to respond to major disasters, such as the one that struck lower Manhattan, New York City, on September 11.

Any organization providing assistance must be very dear about what the affected community needs and wants. Immediately following the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, Charles Figley met with public and private officials to determine what would be most needed by those responsible for helping the bombing victims, their families, the rescue workers, and others affected. It was determined that training was the most acute need. Within a few months more than a thousand professionals received at least one workshop of training, and fifty-eight completed the entire five-course program of training and received a certificate as a Registered Traumatologist (Figley, 1998).

Those Registered Traumatologists became the founding members of the GCP and were ready to apply the lessons that they had learned both in the classroom and in their own state in helping people recover from a terrorist attack. As it turned out, Oklahoma sent one of the largest contingents of GCP traumatologists to New York, second only to Florida.

The program of training that they had completed was adopted by Florida State University's Traumatology Institute as the Certified Traumatologist certificate program (Figley, 1998). Over the years the Institute established three other certifications: Master Traumatologist, Field Traumatologist, and Compassion-Fatigue Specialist. With certification comes automatic membership in the GCP Members practice traumatology guided by the Academy of Traumatology standards of practice and ethical guidelines (Figley, 1999). The GCP web site (http://www.greencross.20m.con informs members throughout the world. During the New York City mobilization, for example, on the website were updates on what was happening, copies of various messages to members, press releases, news accounts, and other helpful information for those who had been activated as well as others who were interested.

The goal of every GCP deployment is to transform "victims" into "survivors." Immediately after a traumatic event, victims attempt to address tive fundamental questions (Figley, 1985):

1. What happened to me? This question can be applied to one's family, company, neighborhood, city, or country. This is the most fundamental question in the processing of trauma memories and is associated with experiencing shock, disbelief, disorientation, and confusion. The GCP service providers help the clients to recognize what has happened to them. Most often this recognition is achieved by encouraging them to talk about their experiences or express them in some other way such as through expressive therapies (for example, poetry and drawings).

2. Why did it happen to me (us)? This question is at the heart of one's sense of responsibility for either the cause or the consequence of the event, or both. Similarly, GCP service providers create an opportunity for the traumatized to reevaluate their actions, often associated with guilt. This was certainly the case with those who had worked in or near Ground Zero.

3. Why did I (we) do what I (we) did during and right after this disaster? This second-guessing and selfanalysis is central to acquiring some degree of mastery over the memories and events that were or still are traumatic. GCP service providers gently encourage survivors to address such difficult and often troubling thoughts associated with self-evaluation. Often hearing other survivors talk about their misgivings enables them to reassure those others while, at the same time, reassuring themselves.

green cross project: A model for providing emergency mental-health aid after September 11, The

Phi Kappa Phi Forum, Spring 2002 by Figley, Charles R, Figley, Kathleen Regan

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