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'WE BELONG TO THE NORTH': THE FLIGHTS OF THE NORTHERN INDIANS FROM THE WHITE RIVER AGENCIES, 1877-1878
Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Summer 2005 by Bray, Kingsley M
70. Irwin to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, January 27, 1878; Tibbitts to Irwin, January 28,1878. Across the Lodge was another name for Touch the Clouds's seventeen-year-old son, Amos Charging First. Spider was a half-brother of Red Cloud, married to a sister of Young Man Afraid of His Horse. In 1877-1878 he was the head akicita of the Payabya band.
71. Tibbitts to Irwin, January 24, 1878.
72. Irwm to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, January 27,1878; Ostler, Plains Sioux, 122. Wands were traditionally issued to invite guests to a feast or headmen to a council. Their use in contentious voting decisions like this one does indicate a conscious attempt to align council procedure with American democratic processes. A similar vote was cast by the Oglala tribal council on August 31, 1877, in adopting measures to take against Crazy Horse. Ostler, Plains Sioux, 122-27, ably documents the negotiations by which the Lakotas secured their new agencies.
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73. George E. Hyde, Red Cloud's Folk: A History of the Oglala Sioux Indians (Norman, 1957),300; Alvin M. Josephy Jr., The Patriot Chiefs: Studies of Nine Great Leaders of the American Indians (London, 1962), 309.
KINGSLEY M. BRAY is a free-lance historian based in Manchester, England. He has published extensively on Lakota history, and his biography, Crazy Horse: A Lakota Life, will be published by the University of Oklahoma Press in 2006.
Copyright Montana Historical Society Summer 2005
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