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'WE BELONG TO THE NORTH': THE FLIGHTS OF THE NORTHERN INDIANS FROM THE WHITE RIVER AGENCIES, 1877-1878
Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Summer 2005 by Bray, Kingsley M
56. Bull Eagle statement, in Major C. G. Bartlett to Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Dakota, January 29, 1878, Letters Received, Red Cloud Agency, RG 75, NA, Washington. In the following account of the January breakout I have discounted much of Bull Eagle's statement as patently self-serving.
57. James Irwin to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, February 20.1878, Letters Received, Red Cloud Agency, RG 75, NA, Washington.
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58. Black Eagle belonged to the Red Cloth Earring (Sina-luta-oin) band of Sans Arcs. One of Colonel Miles's hostages in October 1876, he had been interned at Cheyenne River Agency, but upon release he joined the rest of his band at Spotted Tail, taking with him three other lodges: those of his brother-in-law White Shield, Red Plum, and Steals the Horse. Not noted in the fall breakouts, Black Eagle's following presumably comprised the small Sans Arc contingent that fled in January. Black Eagle surrendered at Fort Buford, January 21, 1881.
59. James Irwin to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, January 12, 1878, Letters Received, Red Cloud Agency, RG 75, NA, Washington; Captain P. D. Vroom to Adjutant General, Department of Dakota, January 12, 1878, Sioux War Papers, RG 94, NA, Washington; V. T. McGillycuddy statement, p. 226, Walter M. Camp Manuscripts, Lilly Library, University of Indiana, Bloomington; BenTibbitts to James Irwiri, January 11,1878, Red Cloud Agency, General Correspondence Received, NA, KC. Besides the leaders named, Tibbitts reported that Iron Hawk (Little Hawk's brother-in-law) arid Four Crows (both Company C corporals and headmen in He Dog's tiyospaye) and Standing Bull (akicita leader in Little Hawk's tiyospaye) were involved in the "stampede here last night." Tibbitts remarked that "I saw Litde Hawk yesterday he did not look like leaving," hinting that Hurikpatila warriors compelled the flight. Roman Nose died in Canada in spring 1878. Charging Eagle took over his father's tiyospaye, surrendering at Fort Keogh with Spotted Eagle (Sans Arc) and Rain in the Face (Hunkpapa), October 31,1880. Charging Eagle became one of the founders of Red Scaffold, the modern Cheyenne River Reservation community. On Touch the Clouds's son, see note 70.
60. Iron Crow (also know as Jumping Shield) and White Twin (Badger-Eaters tiyospaye, a subband of the Bad Faces) were not named in contemporary accounts of the breakout, but both were among the Oglalas in Canada, 1878-1880. White Twin, a brother of No Water and of the prominent nontreaty Oglala leader Black Twin (died 1876), died before the Canadian exiles returned to the reservation. He may be the Yellow Twin reported surrendering at Fort Keogh, June 1880. Iron Crow was among the internees at Standing Rock, 1881, but is not named m the tally of Oglalas returned to Pine Ridge the following summer. Human Finger lived in Iron Crow's tiyospaye.
61. Dodd to Commanding Officer, March 5, 1878. see also Irwin to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, January 12, 1878; Vroom to Adjutant General, January 12,1878.
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