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'WE BELONG TO THE NORTH': THE FLIGHTS OF THE NORTHERN INDIANS FROM THE WHITE RIVER AGENCIES, 1877-1878
Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Summer 2005 by Bray, Kingsley M
8. "Proceedings of Councils in Washington," [September 1877], Letters Received from Dakota Superintendence RG 75, NA. Washington.
9. James Irwin to lieutenant Jesse M. Lee, September 14. 1877, Miscellaneous Letters Sent by the Agents or Superintendents at the Pine Ridge Indian Agency, 1876-1914, RG 75, NA, KC. Family heads of this first band of defectors are listed as Black Elk, Coaxer, Trades for Women. Man That Buggers, Little Bull, and Horse [?] Woman. Several other families were transferred from Red Cloud in the period from September 18 to October 15, but do not appear on the Spotted Tail rolls. They include family heads Dog Doctor and Backbone.
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10. Lieutenant Jesse M. Lee to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, September 30,1877, Rosebud Indian Agency File, RG 75, NA, KC; Bismarck (Dakota Territory) Tri-Weekly Tribune, December 20,1877.
11. Lieutenant Jesse M. Lee to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, October 31, 1877, Letters Received, Spotted Tail Agency, RG 75, NA. Washington. At councils held at Red Cloud Agency on October 15 and at Spotted Tail on October 17, all Indians present protested the necessity of removal but conceded they would go quietly.
12. Captain Joseph Lawson to Adjutant General, Department of the Platte, December 4,1877, Letters Received from the Department of the Flatte, Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands, Record Group 393 (hereafter RG 393), microfilm copy at NSHS, Lincoln; James Irwin to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, September 4, 1878, in Robinson, "Digest of the Reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs," 332. James Irwin to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, November 5, 1877, Letters Received, Red Cloud Agency, RG 75, NA, Washington, tallies the procession at 4,526 Oglalas. After excellent military head-counts at Red Cloud. Agent Irwin began a process of inflationary counts. As a roundfigure approximation. I suggest that the Red Cloud Agency Lakota population in October 1877 was 620 lodges, or 3,720 people. The troop escort departed Camp Robinson October 25, but the Lakota march did not begin until October 27. Fanny (Mrs V. T.) McGillycuddy diary, October 25.27,1877. transcript in Fort Robinson Museum, Crawford, Nebraska.
13. lieutenant William P. Clark to secretary of the Interior. November 7,1877. Letters Received, Spotted Tail Agency. RG 75, NA, Washington; Lieutenant William P. Clark to General George Crook, November 2, 1877, Letters Received from the Department of the Flatte. RG 393, copy at NSHS, Lincoln. The Wazhazhas were a Lakota band found among both Oglala and Brulé tribal divisions and significantly represented among the Northern Indians.
14. Irwin to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, November 5,1877. The Cheyenne River Agency located on the Missouri River was the home agency of the Miniconjous and Sans Arcs, who made up the majority of the Spotted Tail contingent of Northern Indians. There the pro-treaty bands of their people had already settled.
15. Irwin to Commissioner of Indian Affairs. November 5,1877; Lawson to Adjutant General, Department of the Platte, December 4, 1877. Clark, Lawson. and Lee concurred that that about 200 lodges of Northern Indians joined the Red Cloud column on November 2. which would have been approximately 1,200 people. Both Irwin and Clark overcounted in conversion, however, estimating the number of people at over 2,000.
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