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'WE BELONG TO THE NORTH': THE FLIGHTS OF THE NORTHERN INDIANS FROM THE WHITE RIVER AGENCIES, 1877-1878
Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Summer 2005 by Bray, Kingsley M
2. For numbers surrendering at Spotted Tail Agency, see lieutenant Jesse M. Lee to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, August 10, 1877, in "Digest of the Reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1877-80," by Will G. Robinson, South Dakota Historical Collections, vol. 32 (Pierre, S. Dak., 1964), 279-81; "Census Roll of Indians at Spotted Tail Agency, 1877," Rosebud Indian Agency File, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75 (hereafter RG 75), National Archives-Central Plains Region, Kansas City, Missouri (hereafter NA, KC). On agency diplomacy and the surrender process, see Kingsley M. Bray, "Crazy Horse and the End of the Great Sioux War," Nebraska History, 79 (Fall 1998); Harry H. Anderson, "Indian Peace-Talkers and the Conclusion of the Sioux War of 1876," Nebraska History, 44 (December 1963); and Oliver Knight, "War or Peace: The Anxious Wait for Crazy Horse," Nebraska History, 54 (Winter 1973).
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3. lieutenant diaries A. Johnson to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, June 4.1877, Letters Received from Red Cloud Agency (hereafter Letters Received, Red Cloud Agency), RG 75, National Archives. Washington D.C (hereafter NA, Washington). Surrenders at Red Cloud Agency are enumerated in Thomas R. Buecker and R. Eli Paul, eds., The Crazy Horse Surrender Ledger (Lincoln, 1994).
4. U.S. War Department. "Registers of Enlistments in the U.S. Army: Indian Scouts, 1866-77," Records of the Adjutant General's Office, Record Group 94 (hereafter RG 94). NA, Washington, is the principal source for all observations on Indian scout enlistments. I am indebted to Robert "Bob" Lee and Ephriam W. Dickson III for additional information. For Crazy Horse's enlistment, see also Omaha Daily Bee, May 18, 1877; Billy Garnett, interview by Eli S. Ricker, 1907, tablet 1, Eli S. Ricker Collection (hereafter Ricker Collection). Nebraska State Historical Society. Lincoln (hereafter NSHS).
5. James R. Walker, Raymond J. DeMallie, and Elaine A. Jahner, eds., Lakota Society (Lincoln. 1982), 28-34. The Lame Deer village had been routed by Colonel Miles at Muddy Creek on May 7, its chief being killed in the action. Led by Lame Deer's son Fast Bull, the survivors opened prolonged negotiations with the White River agencies, resulting in their piecemeal surrender at Spotted Tail from July 22 to September 11. Five lodges of Hunkpapas chose not to surrender, but to join Sitting Bull in Canada.
6. This reading of the Crazy Horse tragedy is based on Kingsley M. Bray, Crazy Horse: A Lakota Life (Norman, in press). The fullest summary accounts are Thomas R. Buecker, Fort Robinson and the American West, 1874-1899 (Lincoln, 1999),chap.5;Jeffrey Ostler, The Plains Sioux and U.S. Colonialism front Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee (Cambridge U.K., 2004), chap. 4. Essential primary sources are collected in Richard G. Hardorff, éd., The Surrender and Death of Crazy Horse: A Source Book abouta Tragic Episode in Lakota History (Spokane, Wash., 1998).
7. lieutenant Jesse M. Lee to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, September 17, 1877, Letters Received from Spotted Tail Agency (hereafter Letters Received, Spotted Tail Agency), RG 75, NA, Washington; Bray, Crazy Horse, chap. 30. "List of Indians transferred from other Agencys" in "Census Roll of Indians at Spotted Tail Agency," tallies the additions from the Crazy Horse "stampede" as sixty-six lodges Oglalas, forty lodges Miniconjous, thirty-eight lodges Brulés, twenty-six lodges Sans Arcs. Most of the Oglala stampeders, including the Shirt Wearer Black Fox, belonged to the Oyuhpe band.
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