UNITED NATIONS, DECOLONIZATION, AND SELF-DETERMINATION IN COLD WAR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, 1960-1994, THE

27. United Nations Operation in Somalia at www.un.org/Depts/dpko/ dpko/co_mission/unosomi.htm

28. Yearbook of the United Nations, 1993 (New York: United Nation 1994), pp. 293-295.

29. In William Hyland Clinton's World: Remaking American Foreign Policy, (New York: Praeger, 1999) he argues that while the humanitarian intervention in Somalia was a success - it saved thousands of lives - the Clinton administration planted the seeds of the UN's failure by expanding the mission to include the chasing of warlords and the rebuilding of the failed Somali state. Less than a decade after the debacle in Somalia the UN has recommitted itself to peacekeeping in the horn of Africa. In the summer of 2000, the UN established a peacekeeping operation to monitor the cessation of hostilities between Ethiopia and Eritrea. Numerous UN agencies also sought to relieve the humanitarian crisis in the region, exacerbated by a drought and famine, but precipitated by the conflict between the two nations.

30. United Nations Assistance Mission For Rwanda at www.un.org/ Depts/dpko/dpko/co_mission/unamir.htm.

31. "Statement on Receiving the Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations During the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda," The Secretary General, December 16, 1999. A full copy of the report can be obtained at the UN's official webstie at: http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/sgreport/report.htm.

32. See B. Andemicael, OAU and the UN: Relations Between the Organization of African Unity and the United Nations (New York, 1976).

33. See "Human Development Index" at www.undp.org/hdr2003/.

By Christopher O'Sullivan*

* Christopher O'Sullivan received his Ph.D. ( 1999) and MA ( 1993) in history from the London School of Economics, University of London, and has BA from the University of California, Berkeley. His first book, Summer Welles, Postwar Planning, and the Quest for a New World Order (Columbia University Press, 2003) was awarded the American Historical Association's Gutenberg Prize. He is the recipient of a 2002 research award from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, as well as the 2003 LubinWinant Research Fellowship from the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute. In 2003-2004 he was a Visiting Research Fellow with the Centre for International Study, London, working on a history of the United Nations for the Anvil Series. He spends his summers in Northern Ireland and Bosnia, where he has been investigating the issues of history, identity, and ethnic and religious conflict.

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