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UNITED NATIONS, DECOLONIZATION, AND SELF-DETERMINATION IN COLD WAR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, 1960-1994, THE
Journal of Third World Studies, Fall 2005 by O'Sullivan, Christopher
13. Questions Related to the Situation in the Republic of the Congo, in Year book of the United Nations, 1960 (New York: United Nations, 1961), pp. 52-129.
14. Urquhart, Hammarskjold, pp. 588-589.
15. Stanley Meisler, in The United Nations: the First Fifty Years (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1997) sees he UN's experience in the Congo as a "grand victory." Others, such as the journalist Keith Kyle believe it left something of a permanent stain on peacekeeping and, more broadly, on the UN itself.
16. The Great Lakes Crisis, in Yearbook of the United Nations, 1997 (New York: United Nations, 1998), pp. 68-70.
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17. United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/monuc/ index.html.
18. Christopher Saunders and lain Smith, "Southern Africa, 1795-1910," in The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. Ill, Andrew Porter, ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 597-623.
19. Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946, p. 144.
20. For further information on the vetoes see "Subjects of UN Security Council Vetoes," [originally from Sydney Bailey and Sam Daws, The Procedure of the UN Security Council, Third Edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998)] or check the website at: www.globalpolicy.org/security/membership/veto/vetosubj.htm.
21. According to Karen Mingst and Margaret Karns, authors of The United Nations in the Post-Cold War Era (Oxford: Westview Press, 2000), the United Nations played a large role not only in legitimizing the South African domestic opposition to apartheid, but also delegitimizing and ultimately defeating apartheid.
22. United Nations Transition Assistance Group at www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/co_mission/untag.htm.
23. Its success, Stanley Meisler has argued in The United Nations: The First Fifty Years, was an important contributing factor to the end of apartheid and the eventual introduction of election monitors to South Africa in 1994.
24. William Minter, Apartheid's Contras: An Inquiry Into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique (London: Zed Books, 1994).
25. Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Operation in Mozambique," January 28, 1994, S/1994/89, at www.un.org/Depts/ dpko/dpko/co_mission/onumozD.htm.
26. But, as Paolo Tipodi has demonstrated in The Colonial Legacy in Somalia, (London: Palgrave, 1999) colonialism also played its part. The Somali-speaking peoples are one of the largest linguistic groups in Africa and are scattered throughout the northeast of the continent. Precolonial Somalia was not a unified entity but rather a cluster of clan and kinship groups who largely subsisted by raising livestock. During the late-19th century scramble for Africa the British carved out a northern Somaliland protectorate, altering the centuries-old pastoral rhythms of life on the Horn of Africa. The French subsequently established French Somaliland (later to become Djibouti), and the Italians ultimately claimed southern Somalia in 1905. The Europeans further complicated the situation when they ceded the Ogaden region of historic Somalia to neighboring Ethiopia and a portion of southern Somalia to British Kenya
