BIBLICAL FOUNDATION OF JAMES BALDWIN'S "SONNY'S BLUES", THE

SONNY'S Blues" is James Baldwin's most anthologized and most critically discussed short story. Most critical analyses of "Sonny's Blues" have centered on the story's unnamed narrator's identity issues (Bieganowski, Reid, Murray) and Baldwin's use of blues / jazz music within the story (Jones, Sherard, Byerman, Goldman). Surprisingly, few critical discussions of "Sonny's Blues" have focused on the story's religious themes. Robert Reid, in an article devoted mainly to Baldwin's narrator's identity concerns, compares the narrator to the biblical Ishmael and Sonny to Isaac (444-45); Jim Sanderson discusses the role of grace in the story; and Marlene Mosher, in a very short essay, explicates the biblical allusion in the story's final image - the "cup of trembling" glowing and shaking above Sonny's head as he plays the piano (Baldwin, "Sonny's Blues" 141). But no critical analysis of "Sonny's Blues" has identified the two main biblical texts that form the foundation of Baldwin's story: the Cain and Abel story from the Book of Genesis and the parable of the Prodigal Son from Luke's gospel.

That Baldwin would use Bible stories as a foundation for his fiction should not be surprising. Like so many Christian African Americans, Baldwin knew the Bible intimately and once claimed, "I was born in the church" ("Notes" 14). Indeed, the King James Bible became his signal literary text during his Harlem childhood. In his biography of Baldwin, James Campbell states that Baldwin's "moral world" was "fortified and sanctioned by generations of deep believers" and that "the vocabulary and cadence of the King James Bible and the rhetoric of the pulpit were at the heart of his literary style" (4). According to Campbell, Baldwin "knew the Bible so well that he coloured his phrases with Old Testament rhetoric and poetry, with full conviction" (10), and Baldwin's "personal theology" was drawn from the Bible (11). Baldwin grew up listening to sermons in the storefront churches of Harlem, reading the Bible, and living in fear of the wrath of his religiously puritanical stepfather, David Baldwin, a selfordained minister.

At the age of fourteen, Baldwin underwent a dramatic religious conversion in a Harlem church, an event described in detail in "The Fire Next Time" and used in his first novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain, As he explains in "The Fire Next Time," Baldwin escaped the hazards of the Harlem streets by fleeing to the safety of the church (20). Soon after his conversion, he began preaching regularly in Harlem's churches as a Junior Minister. By the age of seventeen, however, Baldwin would become disillusioned with religion and leave the church, as the Bible gave way to the novels of Feodor Dostoevsky. But Campbell is correct when he states that "although he [Baldwin] left the church, the church never left him" (4). Indeed, religious and biblical themes and motifs are at the center of Baldwin's best literary efforts, including "Sonny's Blues."

Considering Baldwin's personal experiences in the Christian church - which are discussed in the standard biographies of Baldwin and generally noted in Baldwin criticism - and the vital role that religion has played in African American letters, it seems puzzling that critics have not discussed the biblical foundation of a key Baldwin text such as "Sonny's Blues." African American writers since Phillis Wheatley have been incorporating biblical themes and references into their literary texts; by using the Bible to shape his literary works, Baldwin was following a long tradition that includes, for example, David Walker, Frederick Douglass, Claude McKay, Margaret Walker, and Martin Luther King, Jr. In the case of Baldwin, however, perhaps most critics prefer to view him as a civil rights writer rather than as a Christian writer with his Bible close at hand. Certainly, Baldwin played a spokesman's role during the American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s, and much of his most poignant writing is devoted to the racial issues of his time. Furthermore, the mature Baldwin, in interviews and in his writings, often attempted to distance himself from his childhood religious zeal. In both Go Tell It on the Mountain and "The Fire Next Time," Baldwin sharply criticizes the religious fanaticism of his father David Baldwin (who served as the model for Gabriel Grimes in Go Tell It on the Mountain). And in "The Fire Next Time," Baldwin details the religious skepticism that overcame him during his later teenage years and prompted his departure from the Christian church:

[T]he blood of the Lamb had not cleansed me in any way whatever. I was just as black as I had been the day that I was born. Therefore, when I faced a congregation, it began to take all the strength I had not to stammer, not to curse, not to tell them to throw away their Bibles and get off their knees and go home and organize, for example, a rent strike. When I watched all the children, their copper, brown, and beige faces staring up at me as I taught Sunday school, I felt that I was committing a crime in talking about the gentle Jesus, in telling them to reconcile themselves to their misery on earth in order to gain the crown of eternal life. ... I had been in the pulpit too long and I had seen too many monstrous things. I don't refer merely to the glaring fact that the minister eventually acquires houses and Cadillacs while the faithful continue to scrub floors and drop their dimes and quarters into the plate. I really mean that there was no love in the church. It was a mask for hatred and self-hatred and despair. (Fire 38-39)