Printing like a post-colonialist: The Irish piracy of Sir Charles Grandison

delineates the boundary between England and abroad" and that Grandison "passes as citizen of the world but is at heart John Bull" (168).

8 For a compelling critique of Jameson's model, see Ahmad 95-122. For a discussion of the debate, see Ashcroft 9-11.

9 In her edition of Grandison, Harris defines "tide-waiter" as "a customs officer who awaited the arrival of ships coming in with the tide, and boarded them to prevent the evasion of the custom-house regulations" (VII: 483n176).

10 See Trumpener for her take on ideas of "history" and "progress" and Sorensen for a related argument about representations of the "primitive."

11 Later Richardson added, "But, see we not, that his long residence abroad, has only the more endeared to him the Religion, the Government, the Manners of England? You know, that on a double Principle of Religion and Policy, he encourages the Trades-people, the Manufacturers, the Servants, of his own Country?" (Grandison 7: 263). See Grandison 7: 508-09n263, for a discussion of the complex history of Richardson's inclusion and exclusion of these remarks.

12 See Boswell for a reprint from a January 5, 1759 advertisement that includes a lengthy diatribe against "those who have been thus busy with their sickles in the fields of their neighbors." Johnson threatens to punish unauthorized printing by stealing in return and then announces that he will turn over any profits "to the Magdalens; for we know not who can be more properly taxed for the support of penitent prostitutes, than prostitutes in whom there yet appears neither penitence nor shame" (244n2). See letter of September 14, 1753 from T. Edwards where he expresses the desire that the Irish could have been "hanged in their own country for a more honorable way of robbery, before they had ever heard the name of Sir Charles Grandison" (qtd. in Barbauld 3: 66).

13 References to piracy in the literary sense before 1680 are rare, and do not become common until after 1700. The Oxford English Dictionary places the first usage in 1771. Like many writers, Addison and Steele use the word to refer to English booksellers in 1709-in an obvious attempt to gain support for the Act of Anne. See Tatler No. 101 (Ross 130-33).

14 That this was a difficult transition is evidenced by Defoe's need to write a tract objecting to what was then a common practice, trade with pirates. See Turley 213n13.

15 See O'Donovan.

16 I am indebted to Hutchinson for this part of my discussion.

17 Recent remarks in the critical and historical literature testify to his success. Mark Rose's study, Authors and Owners, refers to Richardson's argument as "an abstract claim to an author's right" (116), while Warner notes that the tracts characterize the author as "[o]ne possessed of mysterious powers of originality that make him the controlling and presiding creator of the text" (Licensing 7).

18 See Munter 96-98.

19 See Thompson Ch. 3. The association is, of course, a commonplace in legal history. See Baker 1-- 13.

Works Cited