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Global integration in the banking industry
Federal Reserve Bulletin, Nov, 2003 by Allen N. Berger, David C. Smith, Jennifer Judge
1. Banks in the 1996 sample that are defined as having global reach
Assets worldwide Rank in American Banker
Bank name (billions of dollars, by year-end 1995
year-end 1995) worldwide assets
Deutsche Bank 502.3 1
ABN AMRO 339.4 12
Credit Lyonnais 337.6 13
Societe Generale 324.8 17
Banque Nationale
de Paris 323.5 18
Citibank 255.3 28
Bank of America 230.2 34
Chase Manhattan Bank 120.5 62
Number of surveyed
Bank name countries in which the Headquarters
bank operates
Deutsche Bank 10 Germany
ABN AMRO 19 Netherlands
Credit Lyonnais 9 France
Societe Generale 19 France
Banque Nationale
de Paris 12 France
Citibank 20 United States
Bank of America 18 United States
Chase Manhattan Bank 19 United States
NOTE. Banks with global reach are defined as those that operate in at
least of twenty European nations and had at least $100 billion in
worldwide assets as of year-end 1995.
SOURCE. Allen N. Berger, Qinglei Dai, Steven Ongena, and David C.
Smith, "To What Extent Will the Banking Industry Be Globalized? A
Study of Bank Nationality and Reach in 20 European Nations," Journal
of Banking and Finance, vol. 27 (March 2003), table 1, p. 391.)
2. Distribution of bank nationality and bank reach, by host nation, 1996
Percent except as noted
Total bank
Host nation assets of nation Number of
(billions of dollars, affiliates
year-end 1995)
All 9,563 2,118
Large banking vector
Germany 3,041 240
France 1,527 223
United Kingdom 1,278 224
Italy 831 119
Switzerlan 557 103
Spain 552 126
Netherlands 457 166
Total 8,241 1,201
Small banking sector
Belgium 389 150
Austria 297 79
Sweden 106 109
Norway 95 83
Portugal 89 54
Finland 88 48
Denmark 75 100
Greece 47 40
Ireland 26 73
Luxembourg 13 40
Total 1,224 776
Former Lantern bloc
Czech Republic 43 49
Poland 36 60
Hungary 16 32
Total 96 141
Host nation Bank nationality
Host (1) Home (2) Third (3)
All 65.5 17.7 16.9
Large banking vector
Germany 73.3 14.2 12.5
France 76.7 12.1 11.2
United Kingdom 52.2 29.0 18.8
Italy 70.6 17.6 11.8
Switzerlan 76.7 15.5 7.8
Spain 57.9 26.2 15.9
Netherlands 78.3 11.4 10.2
Total 69.1 17.9 13.0
Small banking sector
Belgium 59.3 21.3 19.3
Austria 79.7 8.9 11.4
Sweden 85.3 9.2 5.5
Norway 74.7 15.7 9.6
Portugal 51.9 20.4 27.8
Finland 77.1 12.5 10.4
Denmark 85.0 7.0 8.0
Greece 40.0 20.0 40.0
Ireland 56.2 19.2 24.7
Luxembourg 15.0 17.5 67.5
Total 67.0 14.8 18.2
Former Lantern bloc
Czech Republic 28.6 28.6 42.9
Poland 28.3 26.7 45.0
Hungary 18.8 43.8 37.5
Total 26.2 31.2 42.6
Host nation Bank reach
Global (4) Regional (5) Local (6)
All 35.1 52.8 12.0
Large banking vector
Germany 40.0 49.2 10.8
France 66.8 17.0 16.1
United Kingdom 25.9 71.9 2.2
Italy 27.7 43.7 28.6
Switzerlan 13.6 78.6 7.8
Spain 26.2 54.8 19.0
Netherlands 76.5 21.1 2.4
Total 42.5 46.1 11.4
Small banking sector
Belgium 35.3 64.0 .7
Austria 20.3 72.2 7.6
Sweden 11.0 79.8 9.2
Norway 10.8 80.7 8.4
Portugal 27.8 29.6 42.6
Finland 16.7 68.8 14.6
Denmark 12.0 79.0 9.0
Greece 45.0 32.5 22.5
Ireland 21.9 74.0 4.1
Luxembourg 27.5 57.5 15.0
Total 21.9 67.7 10.4
Former Lantern bloc
Czech Republic 42.9 28.6 28.6
Poland 50.0 21.7 28.3
Hungary 40.6 40.6 18.8
Total 45.4 28.4 26.2
NOTE. Banks are those chosen by affiliates of multinational
corporations operating in twenty European countries and surveyed
in 1996. The banks provide short-term banking services to the
affiliates that selected them. Components any not sum to totals
because of rounding.
(1.) A host-nation bank is headquartered in the nation in which the
affiliate operates.
(2.) A home-nation hank is headquartered in the store nation in which
the affiliate's parent is headquartered.
(3.) A third-nation bank is headquartered in niether the host nation nor
the home nation.
(4.) A global bank provides services to the affiliates in at least nine
of the twenty European nations and had at least $100 billion in
worldwide assets as of year-end 1995.
(5.) A regional bank is neither global (is in too few nations or is
too small) nor local (is in too many nations or is too large).
(6.) A local bank provides services to the affiliates only in the
European nation of the bank's headquarters and had worldwide assets
of less than $100 billion as of year-end 1995.
SOURCE. Berger, Dai, Ongena, and Smith, "To What Extent Will the
Banking Industry Be Globalized?" tabke 2, p. 392.
3. Distribution of bank nationality and bank reach, by home
nation, 1996
Percent except as noted
Total bank
Home nation assets of nation Number of
(billions of dollars, affiliates
year-end 1995)
All 22,151 2,118
Large banking sector
Germany 3,041 177
France 1,527 50
United Kingdom 1,278 364
Italy 831 84
Switzerland 557 84
Spain 552 12
Netherland 457 121
Total 8,241 892
Small banking sector
Belgium 389 4
Austria 297 39
Sweden 106 164
Norway 95 65
Portugal 89 12
Finland 88 177
Denmark 75 134
Greece 47 5
Ireland 26 100
Luxembourg 13 16
Total 1,224 716
Former Eastern bloc
Czech Republic 43 2
Poland 36 2
Hungary 16 0
Total 96 4
Other
Japan 6,746 9
United States 5,012 470
Canada 408 22
Other 422 5
Total 12,588 506
Home nation Bank nationality Bank reach
Host Home Third Global Regional Local
All 65.5 17.7 16.9 35.1 52.8 12.0
Large banking sector
Germany 76.8 7.9 15.3 31.6 55.4 13.0
France 60.0 26.0 14.0 32.0 54.0 14.0
United Kingdom 79.1 6.3 14.6 30.5 57.1 12.4
Italy 54.8 9.5 35.7 36.9 51.2 11.9
Switzerland 63.1 3.6 33.3 48.8 40.5 10.7
Spain 66.7 25.0 8.3 41.7 25.0 33.3
Netherland 47.1 26.4 26.4 48.8 45.5 5.8
Total 69.3 10.8 20.0 35.8 52.5 11.8
Small banking sector
Belgium 100.0 .0 .0 .0 50.0 50.0
Austria 64.1 28.2 7.7 17.9 51.3 30.8
Sweden 73.8 12.8 13.4 21.3 67.7 11.0
Norway 63.1 7.7 29.2 23.1 63.1 13.8
Portugal 25.0 25.0 50.0 58.3 33.3 8.3
Finland 83.1 4.5 12.4 21.5 63.8 14.7
Denmark 70.1 17.9 11.9 17.2 62.7 20.1
Greece 40.0 20.0 40.0 80.0 20.0 .0
Ireland 58.0 9.0 33.0 43.0 47.0 10.0
Luxembourg 81.3 .0 18.8 18.8 62.5 18.8
Total 70.9 11.5 17.6 24.4 60.8 14.8
Former Eastern bloc
Czech Republic 100.0 .0 .0 .0 50.0 50.0
Poland 100.0 .0 .0 50.0 .0 50.0
Hungary n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Total 100.0 .0 .0 25.0 25.0 50.0
Other
Japan 77.8 .0 22.2 33.3 44.4 22.2
United States 49.1 41.7 9.1 51.1 41.7 7.2
Canada 72.7 .0 27.3 18.2 59.1 22.7
Other 60.0 .0 40.0 40.0 40.0 20.0
Total 50.8 38.7 10.5 49.2 42.5 8.3
NOTE. See notes to table 2.
n.a. Not applicable.
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