Judging Nazism and Communism

(12.) Paul Hollander, Political Pilgrims: Western Intellectuals in Search of the Good Society (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1998).

(13.) See Franz Neumann, Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1942); and Arthur Rosenberg, The History of the German Republic (London: Methuen, 1936). This tradition is reflected in Seymour Martin Lipset's classic, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (Garden City, NJ: Doubleday, 1960).

(14.) Ian Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems & Perspectives of Interpretation (London: Arnold, 2000).

(15.) For example, Charles S. Maier, The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), and Peter Baldwin, Reworking the Past: Hitler, the Holocaust, and the Historians' Debate (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981).

(16.) Omer Bartov, review of Michael Burleigh's The Third Reich, in The New Republic, November 20, 2000.

(17.) Kershaw recognizes this disparity (p. 35, note 35), but hardly appreciates its depth.

(18.) To my knowledge, only two brief essays on this subject exist, both in my name: "L'histoire soviecique", in Serge Bernstein and Pierre Milza, eds., Axes et methodes de l'hiseoire politique (Paris: PUF, 1998), and "Clio and Tauris", in Anthony Molho and Gordon S. Wood, eds., Imagined Histories: American Historians Interpret the Past (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998).

(19.) Ronald Suny, "Towards a Social History of the October Revolution", American Historical Review 88(1983), p. 31-52.

(20.) Stephen F. Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888--1938 (New York: Knopf, 1973), and Moshe Lewin, The Political Undercurrents of Soviet Economic Debates: From Bukharin to the Modern Reformers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974).

(21.) Sheila Fitzpatrick, Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928--1931 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988).

(22.) Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 3, 157.

(23.) J. Arch Getty, Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933--1938 (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 8.

(24.) On the level of the general survey see, for example, John M. Thompson, A Vision Unfulfilled: Russia and the Soviet Union in the Twentieth Century (Lexington/Toronto: D.C. Heath, 1996); and the section on the 193 Os in Gregory L. Freeze, ed., Russia: A Histo7y (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 1997). On the level of new scholarship, see the Yale University Press series, Annals of Communism, the volumes on the 1930s: J. Arch Getty and Oleg V. Naumov, eds., The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932--1939 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999); William J. Chase, ed., Enemies within the Gates?: The Comintern and the Stalinist Repression, 1934--1939 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001); and, to a lesser extent, Lewis Siegelbaum and Andrei K. Sokolov, eds., Stalinism as a Way of Life: A Narrative in Documents (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000).