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A. L. Lloyd and Reynardine: authenticity and authorship in the afterlife of a British broadside ballad
Folklore, Dec, 2004 by Stephen D. Winick
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Rod Stradling, the late Keith Summers, Malcolm Douglas, Ian Russell, Paul Adams, Roger DeV. Renwick, David Atkinson and Regina Bendix for references, comments and texts
Notes
[1] For detailed information on broadside and songster texts of "Reynardine" and those from North American oral tradition, see DeNatale (1980).
[2] A fragmentary song in English with stanzas of "Reynardine" was collected in 1941 from Maire Ni Chinneide (76 years), Annascaul, County Kerry, Ireland (Irish Folklore Collection, vol. 744, 109-10). She had heard it in the 1880s from her mother. "Reynardine" has also been collected once in more recent times in Ireland, from Andy Cash in 1973 (Roud 1994b). This last version is likely to have been learned from the revival, although as the text is unpublished it is hard to be sure.
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[3] For biographical details on Lloyd, see Shepard (1986), Arthur (1999), and Harker (1985, 231-53).
[4] Paul Adams never succeeded in locating Huxtable despite looking for him in his own home town of Workington where Lloyd claimed Huxtable also lived (pers. comm. 2003).
[5] Roud's Broadside and Folksong databases (Roud 1994a; 1994b) confirm these claims. Several of Anderson's songs, including "Sally Gray" (Roud 1994b, no 1365) and "Barbary Bell" (ibid., no. 2521), entered the singing tradition. There is no such evidence for "The Recruited Collier" until long after Lloyd's intervention; folksinger Fred Jordan, who often borrowed revival material, sang it.
[6] Keith Gregson made a similar point, wondering whether the manuscript reportedly sent to Lloyd by Huxtable (which has since vanished) was already reworked into "The Recruited Collier," or whether it contained Anderson's original. He pointed out that if it contained the original, "the reworking is probably recent," politely not mentioning that in that case it must have been done by Lloyd (Gregson 1983, 338).
[7] George Sigerson wrote "The Mountains of Pomeroy" on the model of "Reynardine." I consider that a different song, though.
[8] The LP The Foggy Dew is undated but must be from the late 1950s. I propose 1956 as the earliest date for Lloyd's subsequent changes. The LP First Person was released in 1966.
[9] Malcolm Douglas pointed out the use of "Bredon Hill" (pers. comm. 6 June 2003). He obtained the reference from Georgina Boyes.
[10] As I have stated, Lloyd's assumption seems unlikely. What concerns us, however, is Lloyd's belief about the song, which is clearly articulated in his book.
[11] Consideration of possible relationships between the name "Reynardine" and three older names, already associated with outlawry when the ballad emerged, might prove fruitful: "Reynoldyn" is a traditional name for a ballad outlaw associated with Robin Hood (Dobson and Taylor 1997, 90), "Rinaldo Rinaldini" is the name of a literary outlaw (Vulpius 1800) and "La Renaudie" was the alias of a sixteenth-century French rebel and outlaw (Balteau vol. IX, 1961, 960).
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