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Exploring the limits of science and beyond: research strategy and status
Journal of Parapsychology, The, March, 1994 by J.E. Kennedy
4 As can be seen from the equation for the z score on page 65, under the traditional assumption that psi operates on individual trials, the z score is positively correlated with the square root of the sample size, and the effect size (z score divided by the square root of sample size) is unrelated to sample size. Under the goal-oriented experimenter-effects hypothesis, the z score is unrelated to sample size, and therefore the effect size must be negatively correlated with sample size.
5 This internal analysis could not be applied to several other majority-vote studies because of lack of data.
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6 Health researchers increasingly try to use well-being as a measure of health status and success of treatment. The adverse side effects of various treatments have forced the medical industry to recognize that the goal of treatment is more than just keeping the vital organs functioning. Quality-of-life measures are ultimately based on well-being and are becoming widely used in medical research (e.g., Spilker, 1990). Well-being is usually defined as including (a) the cognitive factor, life satisfaction, and (b) positive affect (Diener, 1984). It is noteworthy that positive affect is also generally recognized as a key component of mystical or transcendent experiences (Noble, 1987; Spilka, Hood, & Gorsuch, 1985, p. 176).
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BLACKMORE, S. (1980). The extent of selective reporting of ESP ganzfeld studies. European Journal of Parapsychology, 3, 213-219.
BLACKMORE, S. (1988). Do we need a new psychical research? Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 55, 49-59.
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BRIER, R. M., & TYMINSKI, W. V. (1970). Psi application: Part II. The majority-vote technique--analysis and observations. Journal of Parapsychology, 34, 26-36.
CHAMBERLAIN, K., & ZIKA, S. (1992). Religiosity, meaning in life, and psychological well-being. In J. F. Schumaker (Ed.), Religion and mental health (pp. 138 - 148). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
DIENER, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
DOSSEY, L. (1991). Meaning and medicine. New York: Bantam.
FOSTER, A. A. (1940). Is ESP diametric? Journal of Parapsychology, 4, 325-328.
GABBARD, G. O., & TWEMLOW, S. W. (1984). With the eyes of the mind: An empirical analysis of out-of-body states. New York: Praeger.
GARTNER, J., LARSON, D. B., & ALLEN, G. D. (1991). Religious commitment and mental health: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 19, 6-25.
GREYSON, B. (1981). Near-death experiences and attempted suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 11, 10-16.
GROF, C., & GROF, S. (1990). The stormy search for the self. Los Angeles: Jeremy P. Tarcher.
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