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Why is PSI so elusive? A review and proposed model
Journal of Parapsychology, The, Sept, 2001 by J.E. Kennedy
5. The ostensible declines in replication rates and effect sizes for the different lines of research need to be investigated and quantified. Some meta-analyses have not found declines over time (e.g., Honorton & Ferrari, 1989). Meta-analyses should routinely address the possible decline in effect.
6. A more quantitative characterization of the differences among experimenters in producing significant results is needed. A rough estimate of the proportion of experimenters who consistently obtain significant results would be valuable.
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7. Further research is needed on the function and effects of psi experiences, and particularly the differences between those who are and are not psi practitioners. Altered worldview and enhanced spirituality have emerged in the initial studies of the effects of psi experiences, but many questions remain about the magnitude, consistency, and process for these effects. In particular, the function and effects of psi for experimenters need investigation. Schlitz's recommendation (Targ et al., 1991) for a phenomenological approach to investigating psi-conducive experimenters may be a useful starting point and should include non-psi-conducive experimenters as well.
REFERENCES
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BATCHELDOR, K.J. (1984). Contributions to the theory of PK induction from sitter-group work. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 78, 105-122.
BATCHELDOR, K.J. (1994). Notes on the elusiveness problem in relation to a radical view of paranormality. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 88, 90-115.
BELOFF, J. (1994). Lessons of history. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 88, 7-22.
BEM, D.J., & HONORTON, C. (1994). Does psi exist? Replicable evidence for an anomalous process of information transfer. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 4-18.
BRAUD, W. G. (1982). Nonevident psi. Parapsychology Review, 13, 16-18.
BRAUD, W. G. (1985). The two faces of psi: Psi revealed and psi obscured. In B. Shapin & L. Coly (Eds.), The repeatability problem in parapsychology (pp. 150-175). New York: Parapsychology Foundation.
BRAUD, W. G. (2000). Wellness implications of retroactive intentional influence: Exploring and outrageous hypothesis. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 6, 37-48.
BRAUDE, S. E. (1992a). Psi and the nature of abilities. Journal of Parapsychology, 56, 205-228.
BRAUDE, S. E. (1992b). Survival or super-psi? Journal of Scientific Exploration, 6, 127-144.
BRIER, R. M., & TYMINSKI, W. V. (1970). Psi application: Part II. The majority-vote technique--analysis and observations. Journal of Parapsychology, 34, 26-36.
BROOKS-SMITH, C. (1973). Data-tape recorded experimental PK phenomena. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 47, 69-89.
BROUGHTON, R. S. (1988). If you want to know how it works, first find out what it's for. In D. H. Weiner & R. L. Morris (Eds.), Research in parapsychology 1987 (pp. 187-202). Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press.
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