Ballads and brags: free speech and recusant culture in Elizabethan England

(8.) Frederich Seaton Siebert, Freedom of the Press in England, 1476-1776 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1952), 89; see also David Loades, "Censorship in the Sixteenth Century," in Politics, Censorship and the English Reformation (London and New York: Pinter Publishers, 1991) and Annabel Patterson's recent argument that the arrangement of Holinshed's Chronicles expresses a belief in "freedom of the press," in Reading Holinshed's Chronicles (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 234-63.

(9.) Evans, Problems of Authority in the Reformation Debates (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 103.

(10.) Ibid., 105-7.

(11.) Ibid., 103-11. See also McCoog, 119-20.

(12.) Norman L. Jones, The Birth of the Elizabethan Age (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993), 23.

(13.) Ibid., 24; see Evans, passim, on the nature of authority and evidence in Reformation debates.

(14.) On Jewell's sermon and its aftermath, see Jones, 69-71 and A. C. Southern, Elizabethan Recusant Prose, 1559-1582 (London: Sands, 1950), 60-118. Southern, who dubs the ensuing debate "The Great Controversy," provides a bibliography of 64 titles he includes as part of the disputation.

(15.) John Ayre, ed., The Works of John Jewell, 4 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1845-50), 1:1-25, quoted in McCoog, 119.

(16.) Jones, 69.

(17.) Ibid., 69; McCoog, 121-22.

(18.) See Southern's bibliography of the controversy, 61-64.

(19.) Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin, Tudor Royal Proclamations (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1969), 2:312-13.

(20.) Huntington Library MS Ellesmere 2768, 23, quoted in Hughes and Larkin, 2:313n.

(21.) Southern, 125-26.

(22.) On these proclamations see Hughes and Larkin, 2:341-43, 347-48, 376-79, 506-8, and 3:13-17. See also Peck's discussion, 166-67.

(23.) Robert M. Kingdon, ed., The Execution of Justice in England.... (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1965), 9-10.

(24.) Hughes and Larkin, 3:88, 92.

(25.) On responses to the so-called Bloody Questions see Patrick McGrath, "The Bloody Questions Reconsidered," Recusant History 20 (1991): 307, and Leslie Ward, "The Treason Act of 1563: A Study of the Enforcement of Anti-Catholic Legislation," Parliamentary History 8:2 (1989): 298; on the rate of imprisonment of English Catholics for the offenses of harboring seminary priests, refusing to go to church, speaking against religion, and being caught with Catholic written material, see Patrick McGrath and Joy Rowe, "The Imprisonment of Catholics for Religion under Elizabeth I," Recusant History 20 (1991): 419-20.

(26.) Richard Simpson, Edmund Campion: A Biography (London: J. Hodges, 1896), 3, 14.

(27.) Katherine Duncan-Jones, "Sir Philip Sidney's Debt to Campion," in McCoog, ed., The Reckoned Expense, 88.

(28.) On this concern see Simpson, 169-76.

(29.) Ibid., 225.

(30.) This version of Campion's Letter to the Lords of the Council is taken from Southern, 154.

(31.) Ibid., 155.

(32.) Patrick Ryan, S.J., ed., "Some Correspondence of Cardinal Allen, 157985," Miscellanea VII, Catholic Record Society 9 (London: Catholic Record Society, 1911), 31.