Walking on the periphery: gender and the discourse of modernization - the rights of women in early 20th century Spain

(11.) Arturo Soria, the designer of the Ciudad Lineal, was a republican and a regenerationist who imagined the project as a self-contained paradise of single-family dwellings and an antidote to what he considered to be the social inequalities of the city. Ciudad Lineal was meant to embody a new organization of space that would in turn entail a new life and way of thinking for its inhabitants. This new way of thinking included experiments in vegetarianism, transportation, and special accommodations for the female residents of the development. Elizabeth Wilson traces both the metaphorical and literal relations between women and the suburbs in The Sphinx in the City: Urban Life, the Control of Disorder, and Women (Berkeley, 1991), pp. 45-46, pp. 101-104. For more information on Ciudad Lineal, see Alicia Dfez de Baldeon Garcia, La construccion de let Ciudad Lineal de Madrid (Madrid, Facultad de Geografia e Hisroria), 1993; and chap. 5 of my dissertation, "The Sex of Citizenship: Modernizing Spain on the Margins o f Europe, 1890-1931, (Ph.D. diss., University of California, San Diego, 1999).

(12.) For example, the Alinanaque y Guia matritense para 1905, a guide similar to a phone book, noted that since the publication of the guide the streets of Arco de Santa Maria and Urosas had been changed to that of Augusto Figueroa and Luis V6lez de Guevara, respectively." Han cambiado de nombre durante la impresion de este CALLEJERO las calles del Arco de Santa Maria y Urosas, por las de Augusro Figueroa y Lu is Velez de Guevara, respectivamente; y el paseo de Areneros se llama ahora calle de Alberto Aguilera." (Imprenta y Encuadernacion De Estaquio Raso [decimocuatro de Publicacion], 1905), pp. 226-227.

(13.) Ironically, in light of liberal fears about women's religious conservatism, women could still find themselves depicted in religious buildings. By default, those in charge of building, planning, and city government who neglected to present women in secular, public city spaces strengthened the perceived tie between women and religion. Given the decreasing commemoration of religious figures, the link between women and religion appeared even stronger because females formed a high percentage of the remaining religious figures.

(14.) D. Alvaro Gonzalez e Tribas, Guia Practica De Madrid: Con Arreglo a La Nueva Division Administrativo y Judicial. Contiene una resena de todos los Establecimientos oficiales y publicos, lineas de tranvias, solares, fuentes y monumentos publicos y el unico piano con todo el termino municipal (Madrid, Marques de Santa Ana, 11. segunda edicion, 1907).

(15.) D. Hilario Penasco de la Puente and D. Carlos Cambronero, Las calles de Madrid: Noticias, tradiciones y curiosidades (Madrid, 1899), pp.316.

(16.) For a more full discussion of public monuments, see chap. Sin "The Sex of Citizenship."

(17.) Bravery and patriotism were masculine allegorical figures. All of this information is taken from D. Vicente Castro Les, Noticiero-Guia de Madrid (Arreglado por un reporter), Administraci6n Huertas, 58, tercero derecha, Madrid, 1897, pp. 41-45.