Diabetes drugs attack another disease of obesity

Science News,  March 3, 2007  by Ben Harder

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Several years ago, Carlos Herrera Macias, 55, learned that he had type 2 diabetes. He already knew about that obesity-related disease--his mother had had it too. But his doctors soon delivered a second diagnosis that was unfamiliar to Macias. "They told me that something was wrong with my liver," he recalls.

Macias has fatty liver disease, a condition in which deposits of fat accumulate in the liver and eventually impair the organ's capacity to filter blood. In his case, the problem had progressed to a condition known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is characterized by liver inflammation and formation of scar tissue in the organ. People who are obese or who have diabetes are more likely to develop NASH than other people are.

After Macias got his double diagnosis, the 5'8", 210 pounder from Leming, Texas, followed his doctors' recommendation and began trying to lose weight. The former marine also enlisted in a clinical trial that put him on the front lines of a struggle against a growing but largely unrecognized epidemic.

Researchers estimate that among people who aren't alcoholics, fatty liver disease affects 45 to 65 million U.S. adults, and in perhaps 20 percent of those people, the disease has advanced to NASH. Most of these people don't show symptoms of liver problems and don't know that they are at increased risk of liver failure.

NASH especially concerns doctors because it sometimes leads to cirrhosis. Viral hepatitis or alcoholic fatty liver disease, which results from heavy long-term drinking, can also cause cirrhosis, the symptoms of which may include fatigue, weight loss, frequent infections, and esophageal bleeding. Nationwide, cirrhosis kills about 27,000 people per year.

It's not clear how often or how rapidly fatty liver progresses to NASH, or how typical it is for NASH to lead to cirrhosis, but physicians worry about a possible boost in cirrhosis deaths.

"With the epidemic of obesity and the epidemic of diabetes, which promote [fatty liver], in 5 or 10 years, we're going to have a major public health problem" says endocrinologist Kenneth Cusi of the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio. "We're going to have a lot more people with damaged livers."

For now, weight loss is the only useful treatment. There is no specific therapy for NASH, but that might soon change.

Recent drug studies, including the trial in which Macias participated, have suggested a slate of potential therapies. The three leading candidates are already proved treatments for type 2 diabetes.

INSULIN INSULT Macias was one of 55 men and women with NASH who participated in the recent trial of pioglitazone (Actos). Researchers had suspected that pioglitazone and some other diabetes drugs might work against fatty liver because they act as insulin sensitizers. That is, they increase cells' responsiveness to the hormone.

In people with type 2 diabetes, the drugs restore insulin's role in triggering cells to properly metabolize blood sugar. Insulin also promotes the storage of fatty acids in specialized fat cells. If the hormone isn't doing that second job, fatty acids circulate in the blood and can end up in the liver.

"Most people think that insulin resistance is a major factor contributing to fat accumulation in the liver" says endocrinologist Kristina Utzschneider of the University of Washington in Seattle.

In the recent trial of pioglitazone, all the participants had either type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, a condition sometimes called prediabetes, but they hadn't been prescribed medication for those conditions. Doctors had unambiguously diagnosed NASH in the participants by using long needles to extract liver samples for biopsy.

For 6 months, Macias and 28 other randomly selected volunteers received 30 to 45 milligrams of pioglitazone per day, which is within the range of doses that doctors use to treat diabetes. The other 26 volunteers got a daily placebo pill instead.

Everyone in the trial also received frequent counseling from a dietitian, who worked with volunteers to reduce their calorie consumption. Those who took the placebo lost 3.2 kilograms on average. But pioglitazone is known to cause weight gain, and the volunteers who took the drug gained an average of 2.5 kg during the study, despite the dietitian's efforts.

At the study's conclusion, liver and blood tests showed that the drug had outperformed the placebo by several measures. For example, biopsies revealed a 54-percent decrease in the livers' fat content in pioglitazone-treated participants, while the comparison group showed no change in liver fat.

"For the first time, we have a pharmacological agent that appears to reduce the amount of fat in the liver and possibly reduce the long-term complications," says Cusi. He and his colleagues reported their findings in the Nov. 30, 2006 New England Journal of Medicine.

Cusi's team obtained one-third of its funding for the study from pioglitazone's manufacturer, Takeda Pharmaceuticals of Deerfield, Ill., and Cusi and one of his colleagues have done work for Eli Lilly and Co. of Indianapolis, which also has rights to make the drug.