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Women religious virtuosae from the middle ages: a case pattern and analytic model of types
Sociology of Religion, Spring, 2002 by Barbara R. Walters
TABLE 1
Juliana Psalters Hadewijch
Early 13th Late 13th Early 13th
Prophetess Lay Liturgical Minnemystik
(Audience)
Noble 0 0 1
Rule of Saint Benedict 0 0 0
Rule of Saint Augustine 1 0 0
Beguine 1 1 1
Vagi 0 0 1
Ascetic 1 0 0
Contemplative 1 0 1
Ecstatic 0 0 1
Mediated Contact 1 1 0
Mediated Writing 1 1 0
Latin 1 1 0
Vernacular 0 1 1
Biblical 1 1 1
Doctrinal 1 1 0
Inspirational 0 1 1
Instrument 1 0 0
Vessel 1 0 1
World-fleeing 1 1 1
Inner-worldly 0 1 0
World-Reforming 1 1 1
Emotional Union 0 0 1
Intellectual Union 1 0 0
Ritualized 1 1 0
Infused 0 0 1
Reciprocal 1 0 1
Visions 1 0 1
Christocentric 1 1 1
Persecuted by Church 0 0 0
Persecuted by seculars 1 1 1
Convicted of heresy 0 0 0
Canonized 1 0 0
Marguerite Gertrude
Late 13th 1256-1303
Heretic Mystic/Saint
Noble 0 1
Rule of Saint Benedict 0 1
Rule of Saint Augustine 0 0
Beguine 0 0
Vagi 1 0
Ascetic 0 1
Contemplative 1 1
Ecstatic 1 1
Mediated Contact 0 1
Mediated Writing 0 0
Latin 0 1
Vernacular 1 0
Biblical 0 1
Doctrinal 0 1
Inspirational 1 1
Instrument 0 0
Vessel 1 1
World-fleeing 1 1
Inner-worldly 0 0
World-Reforming 0 0
Emotional Union 1 1
Intellectual Union 1 1
Ritualized 0 1
Infused 1 1
Reciprocal 0 1
Visions 0 1
Christocentric 0 1
Persecuted by Church 1 0
Persecuted by seculars 1 1
Convicted of heresy 1 0
Canonized 0 1
Noble = was of noble birth; Rule of Saint Benedict = in a religious
order under the Rule of Saint Benedict; Rule of Saint Augustine = in a
religious order under the Rule of Saint Benedict; Beguine = lived with a
group of other women known as Beguines; Vagae = wandered from place to
place without a group; Ascetic = embraced a life style of ascetic
denial; Contemplative = dedicated to religious meditation; Ecstatic =
experienced moments of "infusion;" Educated = literate and familiar
with texts; Mediated contact = relationship to God medicated by the
sacerdotal priesthood; Mediated writing = writing was dictated or
filtered through a man; Latin = wrote in Latin; Vernacular = wrote in
the vernacular; Biblical = writings were drawn from Biblical passages;
Doctrinal = writings relied on ecclesiastic doctrines; Inspirational =
writings speak of a persona relationship to God; Instrument = is
commanded by God to execute some act or vocation; Vessel = is the
passive recipient of God's presence; World-fleeing = other-worldly;
Inner-Worldly = seeks to transform the world; World-Reforming = seeks
modest changes in the world through nursing or teaching; Emotional union
(Minnemystik) = expresses deep emotional longing for contact with God;
Intellectual union = experiences intellectual illumination; Ritualized =
contact with God occurs during prescribed rituals; Infused = God enters
the soul of the person; Reciprocal = is engaged in a dialogue with God;
Visions = experiences imaginary visions; Christocentric = centered on
the theology of Jesus; Persecuted by Church = formally warned or
criticized by the Church; Persecuted by seculars = formally warned,
criticized or pursued by se culars; Convicted of heresy = stood trial
and was convicted; Canonized = recognized by the Church as a saint.
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