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The oldest original synagogue building in the Diaspora: the Delos synagogue reconsidered
Hesperia, Fall, 2004 by Monika Trumper
(1.) This article is based on fieldwork carried out on Delos during the summers of 2000 and 2003. First I want to express appreciation to the directors of the Ecole francaise d'Athenes, Roland Etienne and Dominique Mulliez, and to Panayotis Chatzidakis of the 21st Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, who helped make the necessary research on the site possible. Furthermore, I enjoyed and very much profited from the hospitality generously accorded to me in the excavation house of the Ecole francaise. A debt of gratitude is owed to several persons for inspiring discussions, helpful suggestions, and critical comments: Angelos Chaniotis, Veronique Chankowski, Jens-Arne Dickmann, Jean-Charles Moretti, Anders Runesson, and the anonymous Hesperia reviewers. Anders Runesson also generously and kindly provided me with his recently published thesis and his latest article on the synagogue in Ostia, neither of which was available in any German library during the preparation of this article.
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Numbers such as GD (Guide de Delos) 79, 80, and so on, refer to building, not page, numbers unless otherwise indicated; see also Moretti 2001.
All drawings and photographs are by the author. The scales in Figs. 23 and 44 are 1.00 m in length; those in all other photographs are 0.50 m in length.
(2.) The small mole at Ghourna, which serves today for anchorage during stormy weather, is situated farther north than the remains that are identified as those of an ancient eastern harbor; see Papageorgiou-Venetas 1981, pp. 105-106, fig. 85; Delos XXXIX, pp. 122-123, documents VI, XXXIII. For the historical development and the buildings of the Quartier du stade, see GD, pp. 200-208, plan III.
(3.) Plassart 1913, republished as Plassart 1914. A plan is published only in Plassart 1914, but this is not the original plan that Plassart had drafted in 1913 and sent to Revue biblique as an illustration of his text. The editors of the journal lost the plan and, in lieu of it, printed a rough drawing. Plassart's original plan is not stored in the archives of the Ecole francaise d'Athenes and could not be consulted. I am indebted to Kalliopi Christofi for this information.
(4.) Bruneau 1970, pp. 480-493; see also Bruneau 1982, 1988.
(5.) White 1987; 1990, pp. 64-67 (reprinted in 1996); 1997a, pp. 332-342; Binder 1999, pp. 297-317.
(6.) It is not possible to list them all, but for an extensive survey of earlier literature, see White 1987; Binder 1999, pp. 297-317. Recent works include Kraabel 1995, pp. 109-112 (an unrevised reprint of Kraabel 1979); McLean 1996, pp. 192-195; Richardson 1996, p. 97; Rutgers 1996; Hachlili 1998, pp. 35-39; Levine 2000, pp. 100-105; Runesson 2001a, pp. 185-189; ClauBen 2002, pp. 192-194; Gruen 2002, pp. 110-111, n. 41.
(7.) Cf. the different points of view in the most recent comprehensive studies: Binder 1999; Levine 2000; Runesson 2001a; ClauBen 2002. For an excellent analysis of the history of research, see Runesson 2001a, pp. 67-168.
(8.) For an extensive discussion of the criteria relevant to the discernment of building phases, see Trumper 1998, pp. 158-165.
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