A habit of violence grown ordinary : constraints on Muslim women's participation in war - 1

(59.) Halawi, A Lebanon Defied, p. 131.

(60.) The civil war began in 1975 and continued with varying degrees of intensity until 1990, in the process destroying great swathes of the country. Although it was, in part, a struggle between the different religious sects that comprise Lebanese society, it was also concerned with political and economic power; neither should the role of outside forces be overlooked.

(61.) The Lebanese civil war was formally ended by the Taif Agreement of 1989. Israel withdrew from the strip of southern Lebanon that it had occupied since 1978 in May 2000.

(62.) "Conclusion: A War of Survival", in Women and War in Lebanon, editor Shehadeh, Lamia Rustum, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999, p.329.

(63.) Fischer, Michael M J, "On Changing the Concept and Position of Persian Women", in Beck and Keddie, editors, Women in the Muslim World, p. 196.

(64.) According to Halawi, Karbala, in which the third Shi'i imam was vanquished in battle and slaughtered by Mu'awiya, founder of the Umayyad dynasty, remains to this day "the overriding motif" in Shi'i revolutionary consciousness and discourse (Halawi, A Lebanon Defied, p. 167).

(65.) Quoted by Halawi, A Lebanon Defied, p. 180.

(66.) Accad, Evelyne, Sexuality and War: Literary Masks of the Middle East, New York: New York University Press, 1990, p.32.

(67.) Reardon, Betty, Sexism and the War System, New York and London: Teachers College Press, 1985, pp.38-9.

(68.) Article 112, Platform for Action, Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, China, September 1995, published by United Nations, New York.

(69.) Coward, Ros, "Sign of the crimes", Guardian, 24 July 1997.

(70.) Peters, Julie, and Wolper, Andrea, "Introduction", in Peters and Wolper, editors, Women's rights human rights: international feminist perspectives, New York and London: Routledge, 1995, p.5.

(71.) Niamh Reilly of the Center for Women's Global Leadership, quoted in "Women Claim Place on Agenda at UN Human Rights Meeting", Christian Science Monitor, 11-17 June 1993.

(72.) Penman, Jan Jindy, Worlding Women, p.87.

(73.) Al-Mughni, Women in Kuwait, p. 152.

(74.) Skjelsbaek, Inger, and Smith, Dan, editors, "Foreword", Gender, Peace and Conflict, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, London, Thousand Oaks & New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2001, p.vii.

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Afshar, Haleh, Islam and feminisms: An Iranian case study, London: Macmillan, 1998.

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