A habit of violence grown ordinary : constraints on Muslim women's participation in war - 1

(40.) There is a full account of this period in Warnock, Kitty, Land Before Honour: Palestinian Women in the Occupied Territories, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1990.

(41.) Afshar, Haleh, Islam and Feminisms: An Iranian Case-Study, Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1998, p.8.

(42.) Al-Faruqi, "Islamic Traditions and the Feminist Movement", p.40.

(43.) Keddie, "Introduction", in Women in Middle Eastern History, p.18.

(44.) al-Faruqi, Lois Lamya, "Islamic Traditions and the Feminist Movement: Confrontation and Cooperation", The Islamic Quarterly, Volume XXVII, No 3, 1983, p. 135.

(45.) Moghissi, Haideh, Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism: The Limits of Postmodern Analysis, London: Zed Books, 1999, p.7.

(46.) Moghissi, Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism, p.2.

(47.) Zakaria, Fouad, "The Standpoint of Contemporary Muslim Fundamentalists", in Toubia, Nahid, editor, Women in the Arab World: The Coming Challenge, London: Zed Press, 1988, p.29, quoted in Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck, "Islam and Gender: Dilemmas in the Changing Arab World", in Haddad and Esposito, editors, Islam, Gender, and Social Change, p. 10.

(48.) "Muslim Women and Fundamentalism", Middle East Report, July-August 1988, p.9.

(49.) After the defeat of Germany in 1918 and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Britain and France divided the countries of the Middle East between them. Britain obtained control over Palestine, Transjordan and Iraq.

(50.) In the Balfour Declaration of 1917, Britain promised a national home for the Jews, but it also promised the Arabs their freedom in return for help in the war.

(51.) McDowall, David, The Palestinians, London: Franklin Watts, 1986.

(52.) On 28 September 2000, Ariel Sharon, leader of the opposition Likud Party, visited the Dome of the Rock, Islam's third most holy site, accompanied by several hundred heavily armed Israeli soldiers. This was regarded by Palestinians as a provocative and insulting act.

(53.) Al-Ali, Nadje, Secularism, Gender and the State in the Middle East: The Egyptian Women's Movement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.46.

(54.) Sabbagh, Suha, "An Interview with Dr Eyad el-Sarraj: Gender Relations during the Three Psychodevelopmental Phases under Occupation", in Sabbagh, Suha, editor, Palestinian women of Gaza and the West Bank, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998, p.175.

(55.) Jad, Islah, (translated by Magida Abu Hassabo), "Patterns of Relations within the Palestinian Family during the Intifada", in Sabagh, editor, Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank, pp.59-60.

(56.) Ameri, Anan, "Conflict in Peace: Challenges Confronting the Palestinian Women's Movement", in Afsaruddin, Asma, editor, Hermeneutics and Honor: Negotiating Female `Public' Space in Islamic/ate Societies, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1999, p.43.

(57.) Interview with Iffat al-Jabari, Hebron, June 1995, quoted by Ameri, "Conflict in Peace", p.43.

(58.) Halawi, Majed, A Lebanon Defied: Musa al-Sadr and the Shi'a Community, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1992, p.3.