Eastman Johnson's 'Negro Life at the South' and urban slavery in Washington, D.C

40. Solomon Northrup, Twelve Years a Slave (1853), ed. Sue Eakin and Joseph Logsdon (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968), 22. Books of this period condemning racial conditions in Washington include William Goodell, Slavery and Antislavery; A History of the Great Struggle in Both Hemispheres (New York: William Goodell, 1855), 243-45; Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States in the Years 1853-1854, with Remarks on Their Economy, vol. 1(1856; repr., New York: G. P. Putnams's Sons, 1904), 12-17; and Philo Tower, Slavery Unmasked (1856; repr., New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969), 47-48.

41. Coyle, 1890, and 1892 (as in n. 11).

42. Although unlabeled on the map, the identification of the footprint (A) as the Johnson home is certain - based on Coyle's description, on corroborating evidence in the Surveyor's Office, District of Columbia, and on tax and deed records (see n. 6 above). An appraisal commissioned after Philip Johnson's death indicates that the house was, in fact, three stories, with an attic. In addition, there was a rear kitchen ell on the first floor, as indicated on the map. The appraisal is dated Aug. 18, 1859, and is located in Philip Johnson's Probate Case File (no. 4152, old series) in the District of Columbia Archives and Records Center

43. Some useful sources include Virginia Miller, "Dr. Thomas Miller and His Times," Records of the Columbia Historical Society 3 (1900): 303-23; W. B. Bryan, "A Fire in an Old Time F Street Tavern and What It Revealed," Records of the Columbia Historical Society 9 (1906): 198-215; Sarah E. Vedder, Reminiscences of the District of Columbia; or; Washington City Seventy Years Ago, 1830-1909 (St. Louis: A. R. Fleming, 1909); "Rambler Writes of Residents of F Street during the Year 1860," Washington Sunday Star, Mar. 24, 1918; Charles Noble, "Memories of Washington before the Civil War," Washington Post, Jan. 31, 1926; idem, "F Street Seventy Years Ago," Washington Post, Apr. 11, 1926; and John Clagett Proctor, "Retracing Lost Footsteps at Fourteenth and F Streets," Washington Star, Nov. 1, 1942.

44. Bryan (as in n. 43), 200-201. Later discussions of the "Anna" incident are found in E. S. Abdy, Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of North America (London: John Murray, 1835), 92-93; and E. A. Andrews, Slavery and the Domestic Slave-Trade in the United States (Boston: Licht and Stearns, 1836), 125.

45. On the riots, see Green 1967 (as in n. 2), 36-37. For the Miller household and considerable information on other neighbors and society in general, see Miller (as in n. 43). 313-17; and Kathryn Allamong Jacob, Capital Elites: High Society in Washington, D.C., after the Civil War (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995), chap. 2. Clay's letter is given in Virginia Clay-Clopton, A Belle of the Fifties: Memoirs of Mrs. Clay of Alabama (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1904), 43.

46. This neighborhood roster is compiled with data from Washington directories and from Miller (as in n. 43); Noble, Apr. 1926 (as in n. 43); and Mark J. Stegmaier, "The Case of the Coachman's Family: An Incident of President Fillmore's Administration," Civil War History 32 (1986): 318. For information on the three Southern senators and their Washington lives, see Robert Douthat Meade, Judah P Benjamin, Confederate Statesman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1943); William Y. Thompson, Robert Toombs of Georgia (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1966); and Varina Howell Davis, Jefferson Davis, Ex-President of the Confederate States of America: A Memoir (New York: Bedford, 1890).