Sephardic Jews in Cuba - From all their Habitations

(8.) Kemal H. Karpat, "The Ottoman Emigration to America, 1960-1914," International Journal of Middle East Studies 17 (1985): 177-178; Barnai, pp. 213-214.

(9.) According to Stanford Shaw, the Jewish population of Edirne grew from 12,000 in 1873 to 28,000 in 1912, but was reduced again to 13,000 as a result of the Balkan Wars and World War I. Shaw, pp. 175-76, 187; Barnai, p. 200.

(10.) Interview withJack Barrocas, Carmiel (Israel), 1983. Interviews are deposited in the Oral History Division of the Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University (ICJ).

(11.) Interview with Cali Maya, Miami 1984, ICJ.

(12.) Haim Cohen, Hayehudim Beartzot Hamizyach hatichon Beyameinu (TheJews in the Middle East) (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1973), pp. 76-78; Shaw, pp. 237-240.

(13.) Kastoryano, p. 256.

(14.) Walter F. Weiker, Ottomans, Turks and the Jewish Polity: A History of thejews of Turkey (Lanhans, MD: University Press of America, 1992), pp. 264-265.

(15.) Zeev Deutsch, "The Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) 1909-1921," M.A. Thesis, The Institute of Contemporary Jewry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 1997, pp. 19-20.

(16.) Interview, Cali Maya.

(17.) Shaw, pp. 238-240, 298; Haim Cohen, p. 77.

(18.) Asociacion Union Chevet Ahim, Memoria Anual 1924, Havana, Leizer Ran Collection, Yivo Archives New York. Data on the number of Turks who entered Cuba are based on the official statistics of the Department of Immigration, which were not classified according to religion. Table 1 reflects the sharp increase in the number of immigrants from the Middle East following the American Quota Acts of 1921 and 1924. Immigrants classified as Turks, especially prior to 1920, were partly from Lebanon, Syria and Palestine.

Table 1:

Immigration from the Middle East to Cuba

Years      Turks  Syrians  Palestinians

1902-1906    635    1,185
1907-1911  1,148    1,659
1912-1916  1,000    1,022
1917-1921    856    1,012
1922-1926  2,655    4,519     1,869
1927-1931    338      908       570
Total      6,632   10,305     2,439

Source: Republica de Cuba, Secretaria de Hacienda, Seccion de
estadisticas, Inmigracion y movimiento de pasajeros, 1918-1930; Cenus of
the Republic of Cuba, 1919 (Havana 1922), p. 183.

(19.) Leizer Ran, "Yedies on Zifern vegn 450 Yor Yidishe Einvanderung en Cuba (1492-1948)" (Information and Figures on 450 Years of Jewish Immigration to Cuba), Hemshech Oif Kubaner, Zamlbuck zum 25 yorken yovl fun Yidishn Zenter in Cuba, LaHabana 1952, p. 71. Jewish informants from Turkey claim that they don't remember non-Jewish immigrants from Turkey. The author was unable to locate any organization, other than Jewish, founded by immigrants from Turkey.

Table 2:

Immigration from Turkey to Cuba

 Year  In Europe (a)  In Asia (a)  Total Turkey (b)

 1908       192           190
 1909       131           277
 1910        38           210
 1911        90           223
 1912       203           128             320
 1913       244           439             336
 1914         -            34             205
Total       898           601           1,761