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Emission standards reference guide: for new Heavy-duty and off-road diesel engines - Diesel Net
A Summary of U.S. and EU exhaust emission standards for selected categories of diesel engines. More comprehensive information on worldwide diesel emission standards can be found in the Diesel Emission Standards Data Center produced in cooperation with DieselNet and available on the Internet at www.dieselpub.com or www.dieselnet.com/standards.html.
Additional testing requirements: Compliance with the Heavy-duty Highway Engines chart 2007 FTP standards must be also demonstrated over a steady-state Supplemental Emission Test (SET) which is based on the European ESC schedule. In addition, a not-to exceed (NTE) limit of 1.5 times the FTP standards must be met at any type of driving conditions and under varying ambient conditions. The SET test and NTE limits (1.25 x FTP) also apply to the 2004 standards in California and a number of other states, as well as federally until 2004 for signers of EPA Consent Decrees.
Tier 4 standards: Tier 3 standards for PM, which were supposed to be adopted in 2001, have been abandoned by the EPA. Instead, Tier 4 standards are expected to be proposed this year. Potential Tier 4 standards under consideration were 0.02 g/bhp-hr for PM and 0.41 g/bhp-hr for NOx (for engines of 100-750 hp), with implementation dates around 2008-2010. The Tier 4 regulation is also expected to introduce a transient certification test cycle for off-road engines.
California Urban Bus Standards
California 2004/2007 emission standards for highway truck engines are harmonized with federal standards. However, California adopted different emission standards for urban buses. Under the California Urban Transit Bus
Fleet Rule, transit agencies have to choose between a "diesel path" and an "alternative fuel path" for their future bus procurements. The alternative fuel path requires that 85% of buses purchased each year are fueled by alternative fuels. Transit operators who stay on the diesel path can purchase diesel-fueled buses, but are required to follow a more aggressive emission reduction schedule.
Heavy-Duty Highway Engines
For the type approval of new vehicles with diesel engines according to the Euro III standard (year 2000), manufacturers have the choice between the steady state ESC test and the transient ETC test. For type approval according to the Euro IV (year 2005) limit values and for EEVs, the emissions have to be deter mined on both the ETC and the ESC tests.
USA
Havy-Duty Highway Engines, FTP Transient test, g/bhp-hr
Year HC CO NMHC+NOx NOx PM
1990 1.3 15.5 -- 6.0 0.60
1991 1.3 15.5 -- 5.0 0.25
1993 1.3 15.5 -- 5.0 0.25 (0.10) (a)
1994 1.3 15.5 -- 5.0 0.10 (0.07) (a)
1996 1.3 15.5 -- 5.0 0.10 (0.05 *) (a)
1998 1.3 15.5 -- 4.0 0.10 (0.05 *) (a)
2004 (c) -- 15.5 2.4 (b) -- 0.10 (0.05 *) (a)
2007 0.14 (d,e) 15.5 -- 0.2 (d) 0.01
* in-use PM standard 0.07
(a) urban bus standard
(b) manufacturers can choose a 2.5 g/bhp-hr NMHC+NOx standard with a
0.5 g/bhp-hr NMHC cap
(c) October 1, 2002 for EPA Consent Decree signers
(d) phase-in schedule, 50% from 2007 to 2009, 100% in 2010
(e) non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC)
Off-Road Diesel Engines, steady- state test (ISO 8178), g/kWh (g/bhp-hr)
Engine Tier Model NOx HC NMHC+
Power Year NOx
kW < 8 Tier 1 2000 -- -- 10.5 (7.8)
(hp < 11) Tier 2 2005 -- -- 7.5 (5.6)
8 <= kW < 19 Tier 1 2000 -- -- 9.5 (7.1)
(11 <= hp < 25) Tier 2 2005 -- -- 7.5 (5.6)
19 <= kW < 37 Tier 1 1999 -- -- 9.5 (7.1)
(25 <= hp < 50) Tier 2 2004 -- -- 7.5 (5.6)
37 <= kW < 75 Tier 1 1998 9.2 (6.9) -- --
(50 <= hp < 100) Tier 2 2004 -- -- 7.5 (5.6)
Tier 3 2008 -- -- 4.7 (3.5)
75 <= kW < 130 Tier 1 1997 9.2 (6.9) -- --
(100 <= hp < 175) Tier 2 2003 -- -- 6.6 (4.9)
Tier 3 2007 -- -- 4.0 (3.0)
130 <= kW < 225 Tier 1 1996 9.2 (6.9) 1.3 (1.0) --
(175 <= hp < 300) Tier 2 2003 -- -- 6.6 (4.9)
Tier 3 2006 -- -- 4.0 (3.0)
225 <= kW < 450 Tier 1 1996 9.2 (6.9) 1.3 (1.0) --
(300 <= hp < 600) Tier 2 2001 -- -- 6.4 (4.8)
Tier 3 2006 -- -- 4.0 (3.0)
450 <= kW < 560 Tier 1 1996 9.2 (6.9) 1.3 (1.0) --
(600 <= hp < 750) Tier 2 2002 -- -- 6.4 (4.8)
Tier 3 2006 -- -- 4.0 (3.0)
kW = 560 Tier 1 2000 9.2 (6.9) 1.3 (1.0) --
(hp = 750) Tier 2 2006 -- -- 6.4 (4.8)
Engine CO PM
Power
kW < 8 8.0 (6.0) 1.0 (0.75)
(hp < 11) 8.0 (6.0) 0.80 (0.60)
8 <= kW < 19 6.6 (4.9) 0.80 (0.60)
(11 <= hp < 25) 6.6 (4.9) 0.80 (0.60)
19 <= kW < 37 5.5 (4.1) 0.80 (0.60)
(25 <= hp < 50) 5.5 (4.1) 0.60 (0.45)
37 <= kW < 75 -- --
(50 <= hp < 100) 5.0 (3.7) 0.40 (0.30)
5.0 (3.7) --
75 <= kW < 130 -- --
(100 <= hp < 175) 5.0 (3.7) 0.30 (0.22)
5.0 (3.7) --
130 <= kW < 225 11.4 (8.5) 0.54 (0.40)
(175 <= hp < 300) 3.5 (2.6) 0.20 (0.15)
3.5 (2.6) --
225 <= kW < 450 11.4 (8.5) 0.54 (0.40)
(300 <= hp < 600) 3.5 (2.6) 0.20 (0.15)
3.5 (2.6) --
450 <= kW < 560 11.4 (8.5) 0.54 (0.40)
(600 <= hp < 750) 3.5 (2.6) 0.20 (0.15)
3.5 (2.6) --
kW = 560 11.4 (8.5) 0.54 (0.40)
(hp = 750) 3.5 (2.6) 0.20 (0.15)
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Diesel Path
Date NOx, g/bhp-hr PM, g/bhp-hr
2000 4.0 0.05
7/2000 Ultra low sulfur diesel fuel
10/2002 2.5 NOx+NMHC 0.01
10/2002 4.8 NOx fleet average
2003-07 Diesel particulate filter retrofit
7/2003 3 ZEBs for large fleets (>200)
2004 0.5 0.01
2007 0.2 0.01
2008 15% of ZEBs for large fleets (>200)
2010
Alternative Fuel Path
Date NOx, g/bhp-hr PM, g/bhp-hr
2000 2.5 * 0.05
7/2000 Ultra low sulfur diesel fuel
10/2002 1.8 NOx+NMHC * 0.03
10/2002 4.8 NOx fleet average
2003-07 Diesel particulate filter retrofit
7/2003
2004
2007 0.02 0.01
2008
2010
Shaded areas show existing requirements and existing optional emission
standards.
* Optional standards. Although transit agencies on the alternative-fuel
path are not required to purchase engines certified to these optional
standards, it is expected that they will do so in order to qualify for
incentive funding.
ZEB "Zero emission bus" European Union
EUROPEAN UNION
A - Steady-state test cycle, g/kWh
Tier Date & Category Test Cycle CO HC NOx PM
Euro I 1992, <85 KW ECE R-49 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.612
1992, >85 kW 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36
Euro II 1996.10 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.25
1998.10 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
Euro III 1999.10, EEVs only ESC 1.5 0.25 2.0 0.02
2000.10 2.1 0.66 5.0 0.10
0.13 *
Euro IV 2005.10 ESC 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02
Euro V 2008.10 1.5 0.46 2.0 0.02
EEV - voluntary standards for "enhanced environmentally friendly
vehicles"
* - for engines for less than 0.75 [dm.sup.3] swept volume per cylinder
and a rated power speed of more than 3000 [min.sup.4]
B - Transient test cycle, g/kWh
Tier Date & Category Test Cycle CO NMHC [CH.sub.4] (a)
Euro III 1999.10, EEVs only ETC 3.0 0.40 0.65
2000.10 5.45 0.78 1.6
Euro IV 2005.10 ETC 4.0 0.55 1.1
Euro V 2008.10 4.0 0.55 1.1
Tier NOx PM (b)
Euro III 2.0 0.02
5.0 0.16
0.21 (c)
Euro IV 3.5 0.03
Euro V 2.0 0.03
EEV - voluntary standards for "enhanced environmentally friendly
vehicles"
(a) for natural gas engines only
(b) not applicable for gas-fueled
engines at the year 2000 and 2005 stages
(c) for engines of less than 0.75 [dm.sup.3] swept volume per cylinder
and a rated power speed of more than 3000 [min.sup.-1]
Off-Road Diesel Engines, steady-state test (ISO 8178), g/kWh
Net Power Date * CO HC NOx PM
Stage I
130 - 560 kW 1999.01 5.0 1.3 9.2 0.54
75 - 130 kW 1999.01 5.0 1.3 9.2 0.70
37 - 75 kW 1999.04 6.5 1.3 9.2 0.85
Stage II
130 - 560 kW 2002.01 3.5 1.0 6.0 0.2
75 - 130 kW 2003.01 5.0 1.0 6.0 0.3
37 - 75 kW 2004.01 5.0 1.3 7.0 0.4
18 - 37 kW 2001.01 5.5 1.5 8.0 0.8
* - agricultural and forestry tractors must meet the same emission
standards, but implementation dates are different
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